Spontaneous Pneumothorax in a Term Neonate: A Case Report

Abstract

Spontaneous pneumothorax in neonates, although rare, presents a significant clinical challenge. This report discusses the case of a 3-day-old female neonate who developed sudden respiratory distress due to a left-sided pneumothorax. Born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery, the neonate initially appeared healthy. However, she soon presented with tachypnoea, nasal flaring, and intermittent grunting. Physical examination revealed decreased breath sounds on the left side and asymmetrical chest expansion. A chest X-ray confirmed a left-sided pneumothorax with substantial lung collapse. Laboratory investigations showed mild respiratory acidosis, but were otherwise unremarkable. Immediate intervention involved needle aspiration and chest tube insertion, resulting in rapid improvement of the neonate's respiratory status. The chest tube was successfully removed after 48 hours with no re-accumulation of air observed. The patient was discharged in stable condition on day 7. This case highlights the importance of prompt recognition and intervention in neonatal pneumothorax to ensure favourable outcomes. Similar cases in literature support the efficacy of early imaging and minimally invasive procedures in managing this condition. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for pneumothorax in neonates presenting with acute respiratory distress.