Spontaneous Tumor Lysis Syndrome in a 62-Year-Old Male with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia: A Case Report

Abstract

Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome (sTLS) is a rare but severe oncological emergency that occurs without the initiation of chemotherapy, characterized by the rapid release of intracellular components leading to metabolic disturbances. This case report details a 62-year-old male with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who presented with fatigue, weakness, and metabolic abnormalities indicative of TLS. Laboratory investigations revealed elevated serum uric acid, potassium, phosphate, and creatinine levels, along with hypocalcemia, confirming sTLS. The patient was managed with aggressive hydration, allopurinol, rasburicase, and correction of electrolyte imbalances. Hemodialysis was initiated due to worsening renal function. The patient showed significant improvement with normalization of metabolic parameters and was subsequently started on induction chemotherapy for AML. This case highlights the importance of early recognition and prompt management of sTLS in AML patients to prevent severe complications and improve outcomes.